The history of salt cod (bacalhau) is deeply intertwined with Portugal's maritime heritage and cultural identity. The Portuguese began fishing for cod in the North Atlantic as early as the 14th century, driven by the need for a reliable food source that could be preserved for long sea voyages and during times of scarcity. Salt curing, a common preservation method, allowed cod to be stored for extended periods without spoiling, making it essential for long ocean journeys and harsh winters.
During the 15th and 16th centuries, the Age of Exploration saw Portuguese sailors and explorers relying heavily on salt cod. It became a staple food that sustained crews on long voyages as they navigated and charted new territories. Portuguese fishermen ventured to the Grand Banks off Newfoundland, which were teeming with cod. The plentiful cod stocks in these waters made them a prime area for Portuguese fishing expeditions.
Salt cod soon became a significant export product, traded extensively throughout Europe and the Mediterranean, creating economic links between Portugal and other countries. By the 17th century, the salt cod industry had become an economic backbone for Portugal, supporting not only fishermen but also salting operations, transport, and trade networks.
Culinary tradition in Portugal is deeply rooted in the use of salt cod, with a saying that there are 365 ways to prepare bacalhau, one for each day of the year. It features in numerous traditional dishes, such as Bacalhau à Brás, Bacalhau com Natas, and Bacalhau à Gomes de Sá. Salt cod also held religious significance, particularly for Catholics, and was commonly consumed during Lent and other fasting periods when meat was prohibited.
Despite changes in fishing practices and global markets, bacalhau remains a beloved staple in Portuguese homes and restaurants. It continues to be celebrated in festivals and culinary competitions.
Salt cod is more than just a food item in Portugal; it represents a rich historical legacy, a vital economic commodity, and a cherished cultural icon. Its history reflects Portugal's maritime prowess, culinary ingenuity, and ability to adapt to changing times while preserving its traditions.